Category: Bertolt Brecht
The butcher washes his hands before weighing the meat
worker | January 3, 2019 | 7:29 pm | Bertolt Brecht, class struggle, Fascist terrorism | Comments closed

Union of Soviet Surrealism Republics, Viktor Mogilat, 2017

The butcher washes his hands before weighing the meat

The Forty-Fourth Newsletter (2018)

https://mronline.org/2018/12/29/the-butcher-washes-his-hands-before-weighing-the-meat/#lightbox/0/

Posted Dec 29, 2018 by

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Originally published: The Tricontinental (December 28, 2018)   | 
Dear Friends,

Greetings from the desk of the Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research.

It has been almost a year since we got off the ground. Our offices across the world humming with activity. You have received forty-four newsletters from us, eleven dossiers and one notebook and one working document. More is on the way as we enter our second calendar year.

Over the course of these newsletters, we have laid out some of the broad outlines of our concerns and our hopes. We have tried to confront the reality that we live in the Age of the Strongmen–the time of authoritarianism. The broad smiles of the neoliberals have faded. They had their moment to squeeze society and produce prosperity for the few. When the neoliberals squeezed society, wealth travelled upwards to the few and left the many bereft. It was in this condition of unbearable inequality that the Strongmen appeared. They promised jobs and an end to corruption, but what they actually delivered was social toxicity. It was easier to blame minorities for broad social problems than to actually try and solve them. The Strongmen continued the agenda of the neoliberals, but this time without a smile on their faces. They promised violence and they delivered violence. These are ugly times.

In 1935, the German Marxist playwright Bertolt Brecht wrote a short note on capitalism and fascism:

Those who are against fascism without being against capitalism are willing to eat the calf, but they are against the sight of blood. They are easily satisfied if the butcher washes his hands before weighing the meat. They are not against the property relations which engender barbarism; they are only against barbarism itself.

‘Property relations’ referred to capitalism–in which a small minority of the world’s population holds the vast mass of social wealth (land, labour and capital). This social wealth is used homeopathically to hire human beings and exploit nature not for any other reason than to make money from money, namely for profit. Concern for humans and nature does not drive the investment of this capital, greedy by its nature.

This capital stands apart from human life, eager to accumulate more and more capital at all costs. What drives the few–the capitalists–is to increase their profits by seeking higher profitability.

In cycles, capitalists find that there are no easy and safe investments that would guarantee profits. This crisis of profitability, as we showed in our first Working Document, leads to two kinds of strikes:

  1. First, a tax strike, where the capitalists use their political power to reduce the tax burden on themselves and increase their wealth.
  2. Second, an investment strike, where the capitalists cease investing in the productive sector but instead park their wealth speculatively to preserve it.

These strikes by the capitalists draw social wealth away from social use and dry up the economic prospects of very large numbers of people. With increases in automation and productivity, capitalists begin to substitute machines for workers or else displace workers by the efficiencies of the production process. In this case, investments are made–into machines and into workplace efficiencies–but these have the same impact on society as the investment strike, namely that there are less people employed and more people become permanently unemployed.

High rates of income and wealth inequality alongside dampened aspirations for a better life amongst large sections of the population create a serious crisis of legitimacy for the system. People who work hard but do not see their work rewarded begin to doubt the system, even if they cannot see an exit from the ‘property relations’ that impoverish them. Mainstream politicians who champion the ‘property relations’ and who call upon the desperate to become entrepreneurs are no longer seen as credible.

We hope to provide examples of a possible future that is built to meet people’s aspirations, share glimmers of this future that exist today. Examples of this can be found in our dossiers on housing cooperatives in Solapur (India) built at the initiative of women beedi workers and on the reconstruction of Kerala (India) after the flood. Look out for our work on the excluded workers of CTEP (Argentina) and on the cooperatives of the MST (Brazil).

The Strongmen enter where no such future seems possible. They belittle the mainstream politicians for their failed projects, but then they do not offer a coherent solution to the escalating crises either. Instead, the Strongmen blame the vulnerable for the dampened aspirations of the vast majority. Amongst these vulnerable are social minorities, migrants, refugees, and anyone who is socially powerless. The fangs of the Strongmen are flashed at the weak, who earn the anger of those who have high aspirations but cannot meet these aspirations.  The Strongmen draw on the frustrations of people without offering any reasonable exit from a situation of high inequality and economic turbulence.

One theory to explain the problem is that of underconsumption. The general tenor of this theory is that the goods being produced cannot be purchased by the mass of people, since these people do not have enough income to buy them. This is a problem of the demand-side. If there is a way to increase the money given to the mass of the people, then they can increase consumption and save capitalism from its crisis.

One approach toward this underconsumption problem is to increase the delivery of private credit to people who will then be urged–via advertisements–to live beyond their incomes. They will go into debt, but their consumption–it is hoped–will stimulate the economy out of a crisis. Eventually, these people will not be able to pay off their debts. Their debt will balloon and will create serious social problems. Governments will be forced to borrow to lift the burden off the backs of the banks–when the borrowers go bankrupt. The fact of this borrowing pushes the neoliberal governments to create further austerity programmes against social spending. The delivery of private credit to solve the problem of underconsumption typically ends up with social austerity.

A second approach toward this underconsumption problem is for the government to give an economic incentive to consumers through tax cuts or through a direct cash transfer scheme. Either way, the government turns over its money to the people and encourages them to buy goods and stimulate the economy. Once more, it is the government that goes into debt to solve capitalism. Once more, the debt will balloon, and the government will have to go into an austerity programme to appease the creditors and the IMF (when the IMF comes calling, little good results–as Celina della Croce, the Coordinator of Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research makes clear in this recent article). Once more social austerity will result, and it will once more dampen the buying power of the public.

The cycle will continue.

Either individuals and families or the state go into debt so as to increase aggregate consumption and save capitalism from itself. By this method, capital itself is not asked to sacrifice anything. It is allowed to pursue the strategy of profitability.

Capital seeks to increase its profitability by various means, such as:

  1. Substitute machines for people or make people more efficient. This allows firms to hire less people, to take advantage of automation and productivity gains and to leverage their effective competition to wipe out their competitors.
  2. Transfer factories to areas where wage rates are lower and where regulations of the workplace and of the environment are suppressed.
  3. Decrease the tax burden by going on a tax strike, transferring their money to tax havens.
  4. Move capital from productive activities into finance, trade and rent-seeking activities.
  5. Buy up public assets at low costs and monetarise them for profit.

These strategies allow capitalists to increase their wealth, but at the same time impoverish other people and society.

People are asked to be patriotic. Capital is only asked to be profitable.

For the Left, this situation poses serious challenges. The first set of challenges is to find a way to organise people who find their society shattered and their expectations confounded. The second set of challenges include how to find a policy exit from this system and its limitations.

What are the challenges before us to organise the people against the intractable system?

Aspirations. Over the course of the past five decades, the capitalist media and the advertising industry have created a set of aspirations that have broken the culture of the working-class and the peasantry as well as the traditional cultural worlds of the past. Young people now expect more from life, which is to the good, but these expectations are less social and more individual, with the individual hopes often attached to commodities of one kind or another. To be free is to buy. To buy is to be alive. That is the motto of the capitalist system. But those who cannot afford to buy and who go into debt for their aspirations are also constantly disappointed. It is this disappointment that the Strongmen channel towards hatred. Can left movements channel this disappointment into productive hope?

Atomisation. State cuts of social services, the increased privatisation of social life and the astronomical increase of interaction with the digital world has increased atomisation of human interaction. Where people had previously exchanged ideas and goods, helped each other and inspired each other, now there are less and less venues for such face-to-face interactions. The fragmentation of society and the exhaustion of people to find survival has made it harder for the left to bring people together to create social change. Television and social media now dominate the world of communication. These are venues that are owned by monopoly capitalist firms. The left has always relied upon institutions of society to be its transmitters. As these social linkages fragment, the left dissolves. Can left movements help rebuild these institutions and processes, this society that is our basis?

Outsider. The Strongmen point their fingers at the ‘outsider’–the social minorities, migrants, refugees, and anyone who is socially powerless. It is against these people that the far right is able to build its strength. There can be no left resurgence without a firm and complete defence of the ‘outsider’, a total rejection of the fascistic ideas of hatred and biology that saturate society. It is harder to build a politics of love than a politics of hate. Can left movements develop a politics of love that attracts masses of people?

Confidence. Politics of the people is rooted in confidence. If the people do not feel confident in their activity to either reform or to change the system, then they will not be active. Waves of unrest often lead to increased confidence, but even here the point of emphasis is not the last person to join a protest but the first few people who built the network to build the protest. Social decay leads to a lack of confidence to make political change, particularly when the aspirational society suggests that the only necessary change is for everyone to become entrepreneurial. Can the left produce the sensibility that a future is possible and to engender confidence amongst people to fight to build that future?

Democracy Without Democracy. In societies where there is no democracy, this problem is not immediate. In such places, the immediate task is to win the fullest democracy. In those societies where democracy is the main form, or where there is at least an illusion of democracy, the oligarchy and imperialism have used many methods to undermine democracy, to dominate society without suspending democracy. The methods used are sophisticated, including to delegitimise the institutions of the state, to disparage elections, to use money to corrupt the electoral process, to use social media and advertising to destroy opposition candidates and to utilise the least democratic institutions in a democracy–such as an unelected judiciary–to erode the power of elected officials. Can the left defend the idea of democracy from this attrition without allowing democracy to come to mean merely elections and the electoral system?

Our research institute–Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research–is conducting investigations along these five lines.

Once you have organised people to push for a new world system, what is the policy framework that needs to be adopted? It is here that intellectuals must put their heart and soul into action. We need to think hard about the many creative ways to use our social wealth to solve the immediate problems of humanity–hunger, sickness, climate catastrophe. We need to find ways to uproot the basis of wars. We need to use our creativity to reconstruct the productive sector around forms such as cooperatives. We need to use social wealth to enrich ourselves culturally, making more physical places for us to interact, to produce culture and art. We need to use our social wealth to produce societies that do not force people to work to survive but that subordinate work to human ingenuity and passion.

It is cruel to think of these hopes as naïve. It tells us a lot that it is easier to imagine the end of the earth than to imagine the end of capitalism, to imagine the polar ice cap flooding us into extinction than to imagine a world where our productive capacity enriches all of us.

Our entire staff joins me in wishing you a happy new year.

Warmly, Vijay.

PS: (see below) we celebrate the birth of Manuela Sáenz y Aizpuru (1795-1856), the revolutionary who was born in Quito (Ecuador) and who would fight for Latin America’s independence alongside Simón Bolivar. After she saved his life, she was known as the Liberator of the Liberator.

Bertolt Brecht- Five Difficulties in Writing the Truth
worker | August 14, 2017 | 8:28 pm | Bertolt Brecht | Comments closed

Monday, August 14, 2017

Bertolt Brecht- Five Difficulties in Writing the Truth

https://communismgr.blogspot.com/2017/08/bertolt-brecht-five-difficulties-in.html

Five Difficulties in Writing the Truth (1935).

By Bertolt Brecht.
 
Nowadays, anyone who wishes to combat lies and ignorance and to write the truth must overcome at least five difficulties. He must have the courage to write the truth when truth is everywhere opposed; the keenness to recognize it, although it is everywhere concealed; the skill to manipulate it as a weapon; the judgment to select those in whose hands it will be effective; and the cunning to spread the truth among such persons. These are formidable problems for writers living under Fascism, but they exist also for those writers who have fled or been exiled; they exist even for writers working in countries where civil liberty prevails.
 
1. The Courage to Write the Truth
It seems obvious that whoever writes should write the truth in the sense that he ought not to suppress or conceal truth or write something deliberately untrue. He ought not to cringe before the powerful, nor betray the weak. It is, of course, very hard not to cringe before the powerful, and it is highly advantageous to betray the weak. To displease the possessors means to become one of the dispossessed. To renounce payment for work may be the equivalent of giving up the work, and to decline fame when it is offered by the mighty may mean to decline it forever. This takes courage. 
 
Times of extreme oppression are usually times when there is much talk about high and lofty matters. At such times it takes courage to write of low and ignoble matters such as food and shelter for workers; it takes courage when everyone else is ranting about the vital importance of sacrifice. When all sorts of honors are showered upon the peasants it takes courage to speak of machines and good stock feeds which would lighten their honorable labor. When every radio station is blaring that a man without knowledge or education is better than one who has studied, it takes courage to ask: better for whom? When all the talk is of perfect and imperfect races, it takes courage to ask whether it not hunger and ignorance and war that produce deformities. 
 
And it also takes courage to tell the truth about oneself, about one’s own defeat. Many of the persecuted lose their capacity for seeing their own mistakes. It seems to them that the persecution itself is the greatest injustice. The persecutors are wicked simply because they persecute; the persecuted suffer because of their goodness. But this goodness has been beaten, defeated, suppressed; it was therefore a weak goodness, a bad, indefensible, unreliable goodness. For it will not do to grant that goodness must be weak as rain must be wet. It takes courage to say that the good were defeated not because they were good, but because they were weak. 
 
Naturally, in the struggle with falsehood we must write the truth, and this truth must not be a lofty and ambiguous generality. When it is said of someone, “He spoke the truth, this implies that some people or many people or least one person said something unlike the truth, lie or a generality, but he spoke the truth, he said something practical, factual, undeniable, something to the point. 
 
It takes little courage to mutter a general complaint, in a part of the world where complaining is still permitted, about the wickedness of the world and the triumph of barbarism, or to cry boldly that the victory of the human spirit is assured. There are many who pretend that cannons are aimed at them when in reality they are the target merely of opera glasses. They shout their generalized demands to a world of friends and harmless persons. They insist upon a generalized justice for which they have never done anything; they ask for generalized freedom and demand a share of the booty which they have long since enjoyed. They think that truth is only what sounds nice. If truth should prove to be something statistical, dry, or factual, something difficult to find and requiring study, they do not recognize it as truth; it does not intoxicate them. They possess only the external demeanor of truth-tellers. The trouble with them is: they do not know the truth.
 
2. The Keenness to Recognize the Truth
 
Since it is hard to write the truth because truth is everywhere suppressed, it seems to most people to be a question of character whether the truth is written or not written. They believe that courage alone suffices. They forget the second obstacle: the difficulty of finding the truth. It is impossible to assert that the truth is easily ascertained.
 
First of all we strike trouble in determining what truth is worth the telling. For example, before the eyes of the whole world one great civilized nation after the other falls into barbarism. Moreover, everyone knows that the domestic war which is being waged by the most ghastly methods can at any moment be converted into a foreign war which may well leave our continent a heap of ruins. This, undoubtedly, is one truth, but there are others. Thus, for example, it is not untrue that chairs have seats and that rain falls downward. Many poets write truths of this sort. They are like a painter adorning the walls of a sinking ship with a still life. Our first difficulty does not trouble them and their consciences are clear. Those in power cannot corrupt them, but neither are they disturbed by the cries of the oppressed; they go on painting. The senselessness of their behavior engenders in them a profound pessimism which they sell at good prices; yet such pessimism would be more fitting in one who observes these masters and their sales. At the same time it is not easy to realize that their truths are truths about chairs or rain; they usually sound like truths about important things. But on closer examination it is possible to see that they say merely: a chair is a chair; and: no one can prevent the rain from falling down.
 
They do not discover the truths that are worth writing about. On the other hand, there are some who deal only with the most urgent tasks, who embrace poverty and do not fear rulers, and who nevertheless cannot find the truth. These lack knowledge. They are full of ancient superstitions, with notorious prejudices that in bygone days were often put into beautiful words. The world is too complicated for them; they do not know the facts; they do not perceive relationships. In addition to temperament, knowledge, which can be acquired, and methods, which can be learned, are needed. What is necessary for all writers in this age of perplexity and lightening change is a knowledge of the materialistic dialectic of economy and history. This knowledge can be acquired from books and from practical instruction, if the necessary diligence is applied. Many truths can be discovered in simpler fashion, or at least portions of truths, or facts that lead to the discovery of truths. Method is good in all inquiry, but it is possible to make discoveries without using any method indeed, even without inquiry. But by such a casual procedure one does not come to the kind of presentation of truth which will enable men to act on the basis of that presentations. People who merely record little facts are not able to arrange the things of the world so that they can be easily controlled. Yet truth has this function alone and no other. Such people cannot cope with the requirement that they write the truth. 
 
If a person is ready to write the truth and able to recognize it, there remain three more difficulties.
 
3. The Skill to Manipulate the Truth as a Weapon
 

The truth must be spoken with a view to the results it will produce in the sphere of action. As a specimen of a truth from which no results, or the wrong ones, follow, we can cite the widespread view that bad conditions prevail in a number of countries as a result of barbarism. In this view, Fascism is a wave of barbarism which has descended upon some countries with the elemental force of a natural phenomenon. 

 
According to this view, Fascism is a new, third power beside (and above) capitalism and socialism; not only the socialist movement but capitalism as well might have survived without the intervention of Fascism. And so on. This is, of course, a Fascist claim; to accede to it is a capitulation to Fascism. Fascism is a historic phase of capitalism; in this sense it is something new and at the same time old. In Fascist countries capitalism continues to exist, but only in the form of Fascism; and Fascism can be combated as capitalism alone, as the nakedest, most shameless, most oppressive, and most treacherous form of capitalism.
 
But how can anyone tell the truth about Fascism, unless he is willing to speak out against capitalism, which brings it forth? What will be the practical results of such truth?
 
Those who are against Fascism without being against capitalism, who lament over the barbarism that comes out of barbarism, are like people who wish to eat their veal without slaughtering the calf. They are willing to eat the calf, but they dislike the sight of blood. They are easily satisfied if the butcher washes his hands before weighing the meat. They are not against the property relations which engender barbarism; they are only against barbarism itself. They raise their voices against barbarism, and they do so in countries where precisely the same property relations prevail, but where the butchers wash their hands before weighing the meat.
 
Outcries against barbarous measures may be effective as long as the listeners believe that such measures are out of the question in their own countries. Certain countries are still able to maintain their property relations by methods that appear less violent than those used in other countries. Democracy still serves in these countries to achieve the results for which violence is needed in others, namely, to guarantee private ownership of the means of production. The private monopoly of factories, mines, and land creates barbarous conditions everywhere, but in some places these conditions do not so forcibly strike the eye. Barbarism strikes the eye only when it happens that monopoly can be protected only by open violence.
 
Some countries, which do not yet find it necessary to defend their barbarous monopolies by dispensing with the formal guarantees of a constitutional state, as well as with such amenities as art, philosophy, and literature, are particularly eager to listen to visitors who abuse their native lands because those amenities are denied there. They gladly listen because they hope to derive from what they hear advantages in future wars. Shall we say that they have recognized the truth who, for example, loudly demand an unrelenting struggle against Germany “because that country is now the true home of Evil in our day, the partner of hell, the abode of the Antichrist? We should rather say that these are foolish and dangerous people. For the conclusion to be drawn from this nonsense is that since poison gas and bombs do not pick out the guilty, Germany must be exterminated, the whole country and all its people.
 
The man who does not know the truth expresses himself in lofty, general, and imprecise terms. He shouts about the German, he complains about Evil in general, and whoever hears him cannot make out what to do. Shall he decide not to be a German? Will hell vanish if he himself is good? The silly talk about the barbarism that comes out of barbarism is also of this kind. The source of barbarism is barbarism, and it is combated by culture, which comes from education. All this is put in general terms; it is not meant to be a guide to action and is in reality addressed to no one.
 
Such vague descriptions point to only a few links in the chain of causes. Their obscurantism conceals the real forces making for disaster. If light be thrown on the matter it promptly appears that disasters are caused by certain men. For we live in a time when the fate of man is determined by men.
 
Fascism is not a natural disaster which can be understood simply in terms of human nature. But even when we are dealing with natural catastrophes, there are ways to portray them which are worthy of human beings because they appeal to man’s fighting spirit.
 
After a great earthquake that destroyed Yokohama, many American magazines published photographs showing a heap of ruins. The captions read: STEEL STOOD. And, to be sure, though one might see only ruins at first glance, the eye swiftly discerned, after noting the caption, that a few tall buildings had remained standing. Among the multitudinous descriptions that can be given of an earthquake, those drawn up by construction engineers concerning the shifts in the ground, the force of stresses, the best developed, etc., are of the greatest importance, for they lead to future construction which will withstand earthquakes. If anyone wishes to describe Fascism and war, great disasters which are not natural catastrophes, he must do so in terms of a practical truth. He must show that these disasters are launched by the possessing classes to control the vast numbers of workers who do not own the means of production. If one wishes successfully to write the truth about evil conditions, one must write it so that its avertible causes can be identified. 
 
If the preventable causes can be identified, the evil conditions can be fought.  
 
4. The Judgment to Select Those in Whose Hands the Truth Will Be Effective
 
The century-old custom of trade in critical and descriptive writing and the fact that the writer has been relived of concern for the destination of what he has written have caused him to labor under a false impression. He believes that his customer or employer, the middleman, passes on what he has written to everyone. The writer thinks: I have spoken and those who wish to hear will hear me. In reality he has spoken and those who are able to pay hear him. A great deal, though still too little, has been said about his; I merely want to emphasize that writing for someone has been transformed into merely writing. But the truth cannot merely be written; it must be written for someone, someone who can do something with it. The process of recognizing truth is the same for writers and readers. In order to say good things, one’s hearing must be good and one must hear good things. The truth must be spoke deliberately and listened to deliberately. And for us writers it is important to whom we tell the truth and who tells it to us.
 
We must tell the truth about evil conditions to those for whom the conditions are worst, and we must also learn the truth from them. We must address not only people who hold certain views, but people who, because of their situation, should hold these views. And the audience is continually changing. Even the hangmen can be addressed when the payment for hanging stops, or when the work becomes too dangerous. The Bavarian peasants were against every kind of revolution, but when the war went on too long and the sons who came home found no room on their farms, it was possible to win them over to revolution. 
 
It is important for the writer to strike the true note of truth. Ordinarily, what we hear is a very gentle, melancholy tone, the tone of people who would not hurt a fly. Hearing this one, the wretched become more wretched. Those who use it may not be foes, but they are certainly not allies. The truth is belligerent; it strikes out not only against falsehood, but against particular people who spread falsehood. 
 
5. The Cunning to Spread the Truth Among the Many
 

Many people, proud that they posses the courage necessary for the truth, happy that they have succeeded in finding it, perhaps fatigued by the labor necessary to put it into workable form and impatient that it should be grasped by those whose interests they are espousing, consider it superfluous to apply any special cunning in spreading the truth. For this reason they often sacrifice the whole effectiveness of their work. At all times cunning has been employed to spread the truth, whenever truth was suppressed or concealed. Confucius falsified an old, patriotic historical calendar. He changed certain words. Where the calendar read. The ruler of Hun had the philosopher Wan killed because he said so and so, Confucius replaced killed by murdered. If the calendar said that tyrant so and so died by assassination, he substituted was executed. In this manner Confucius opened the way for a fresh interpretation of history.

 
In our times anyone who says population in place of people or race, and privately owned land in place of soil, is by that simple act withdrawing his support from a great many lies. He is taking away from these words their rotten, mystical implications. The word people (Volk) implies a certain unity and certain common interests; it should therefor be used only when we are speaking of a number of peoples, for then alone is anything like community of interest conceivable. The population of a given territory may have a good many different and even opposed interests and this is a truth that is being suppressed. In like manner, whoever speaks of soil and describes vividly the effect of plowed fields upon nose and eyes, stressing the smell and the color of earth, is supporting the rulers lies. For the fertility of the soil is not the question, nor men’s love for the soil, nor their industry in working it; what is of prime importance is the price of grain and the price of labor. Those who extract profits from the soil are not the same people who extract grain from it, and the earthy smell of a turned furrow is unknown on the produce exchanges. The latter have another smell entirely. Privately owned land is the right expressing; it affords less opportunity for deception.
 
Where oppression exists, the word obedience should be employed instead of discipline, for discipline can be self-imposed and therefore has something noble in its character that obedience lacks. And a better word than honor is human dignity; the latter tends to keep the individual in mind. We all know very well what sort of scoundrels thrust themselves forward, clamoring to defend the honor of a people. And how generously they distribute honors to the starvelings who feed them. Confucius’ sort of cunning is still valid today. Thomas Moore in his Utopia described a country in which just conditions prevailed. It was a country very different from the England in which he lived, but it resembled that England very closely, except for the conditions of life.
 
Lenin wished to describe exploitation and oppression on Sakhalin Island, but it was necessary for him to beware of the Czarist police. In place of Russia he put Japan, and in place of Sakhalin, Korea. The methods of the Japanese bourgeoisie reminded all his readers of the Russian bourgeoisie and Sakhalin, but the pamphlet was not blamed because Russia was hostile to Japan. Many things that cannot be said in Germany about Germany can be said about Austria. 
 
There are many cunning devices by which a suspicious State can be hoodwinked. 
 
Voltaire combated the Church doctrine of miracles by writing a gallant poem about the Maid of Orleans. He described the miracles that undoubtedly must have taken place in order that Joan of Arc should remain a virgin in the midst of an army of men, a court of aristocrats, and a host of monks. By the elegance of his style, and by describing erotic adventures such as characterized the luxurious life of the ruling class, he threw discredit upon a religion which provided them with the means to pursue a loose life. He even made it possible for his works, in illegal ways, to reach those for whom they were intended. Those among his readers who held power promoted or tolerated the spread of his writings. By so doing, they were withdrawing support from the police who defended their own pleasures. Another example: the great Lucretius expressly says that one of the chief encouragements to the spread of Epicurian atheism was the beauty of his verses.
 
It is indeed the case that the high literary level of a given statement can afford it protection. Often, however, it also arouses suspicion. In such case it may be necessary to lower it deliberately. This happens, for example, when descriptions of evil conditions are inconspicuously smuggled into the despised form of a detective story. Such descriptions would justify a detective story. The great Shakespeare deliberately lowered the level of his work for reasons of far less importance. In the scene in which Coriolanus’ mother confronts her son, who is departing for his native city, Shakespeare deliberately makes her speech to the son very weak. It was inopportune for Shakespeare to have Coriolanus restrained by good reasons from carrying out his plan; it was necessary to have him yield to old habit with a certain sluggishness.
 
Shakespeare also provides a model of cunning utilized in the spread of truth: this is Antony’s speech over Caesar’s body. Antony continually emphasizes that Brutus is an honorable man, but he also describes the deed, and this description of the deed is more impressive than the description of the doer. The orator thus permits himself to be overwhelmed by the facts; he lets them speak for themselves. 
 
An Egyptian poet who lived four thousand years ago employed a similar method. That was a time of great class struggles. The class that had hitherto ruled was defending itself with difficulty against its great opponent, that part of the population which had hitherto served it. In the poem a wise man appears at the ruler’s court and calls for struggle against the internal enemy. He present a long and impressive description of the disorders that have arisen from the uprising of the lower classes. This description reads as follows:
 
So it is: the nobles lament and the servants rejoice. Every city says: Let us drive the strong from out of our midst. The offices are broken open and the documents removed. The slaves are becoming masters. 
 
So it is: the son of a well-born man can no longer be recognized. The mistress’s child becomes her slave girl’s son. So it is: The burghers have been bound to the millstones. Those who never saw the day have gone out into the light. 
 
So it is: The ebony poor boxes are being broken up; the noble sesban wood is cut up into beds. 
 
Behold, the capital city has collapsed in an hour. Behold, the poor of the land have become rich. 
 
Behold, he who had not bread now possesses a barn; his granary is filled with the possessions of another. 
 
Behold, it is good for a man when he may eat his food. Behold, he who had no corn now possesses barns; those who accepted the largesse of corn now distribute it. 
 
Behold, he who had not a yoke of oxen now possesses herds; he who could not obtain beasts of burden now possesses herds of neat cattle. 
 
Behold, he who could build no hut for himself now possesses four strong walls. 
 
Behold, the ministers seek shelter in the granary, and he who was scarcely permitted to sleep atop the walk now possesses a bed. 
 
Behold, he who could not build himself a rowboat now possesses ships; when their owner looks upon the ships, he finds they are no longer his. 
 
Behold, those who had clothes are now dressed in rags and he who wove nothing for himself now posses the finest linen. The rich man goes thirsty to bed, and he who once begged him for lees now has strong beer. 
 
Behold, he who understood nothing of music now owns a harp; he to whom no one sang now praises the music. 
 
Behold, he who slept alone for lack of a wife, now has women; those who looked at their faces in the water now possess mirrors. 
 
Behold, the highest in the land run about without finding employment. Nothing is reported to the great any longer. He who once was a messenger now sends forth others to carry his messages. . . 
 
Behold five men whom their master sent out. They say: go forth yourself; we have arrived. 
 
It is significant that this is the description of a kind of disorder that must seem very desirable to the oppressed. And yet the poet’s intention is not transparent. He expressly condemns these conditions, though he condemns them poorly…
 
Jonathan Swift, in his famous pamphlet, suggested that the land could be restored to prosperity by slaughtering the children of the poor and selling them for meat. He presented exact calculations showing what economies could be effected if the governing classes stopped at nothing.
 
Swift feigned innocence. He defended a way of thinking which he hated intensely with a great deal of ardor and thoroughness, taking as his theme a question that plainly exposed to everyone the cruelty of that way of thinking. Anyone could be cleverer than Swift, or at any rate more humane, especially those who had hitherto not troubled to consider what were the logical conclusions of the views they held.
 
Propaganda that stimulates thinking, in no matter what field, is useful to the cause of the oppressed. Such propaganda is very much needed. Under governments which serve to promote exploitation, thought is considered base.
 
Anything that serves those who are oppressed is considered base. It is base to be constantly concerned about getting enough to eat; it is base to reject honors offered to the defenders of a country in which those defenders go hungry; base to doubt the Leader when his leadership leads to misfortunes; base to be reluctant to do work that does not feed the worker; base to revolt against the compulsion to commit senseless acts; base to be indifferent to a family which can no longer be helped by any amount of concern. The starving are reviled as voracious wolves who have nothing to defend; those who doubt their oppressors are accused of doubting their own strength; those who demand pay for their labor are denounced as idlers. Under such governments thinking in general is considered base and falls into disrepute. Thinking is no longer taught anywhere, and wherever it does emerge, it is persecuted.
 

Nevertheless, certain fields always exist in which it is possible to call attention to triumphs of thought without fear of punishment. These are the fields in which the dictatorships have need of thinking. For example, it is possible to refer to the triumphs of thought in fields of military science and technology. Even such matters as stretching wool supplies by proper organization, or inventing ersatz materials, require thinking. Adulteration of foods, training the youth for war. All such things require thinking; and in reference to such matters the process of thought can be described. Praise of war, the automatic goal of such thinking, can be cunningly avoided, and in this way the thought that arises from the question of how a war can best be waged can be made to lead to another question whether the war has any sense. Thought can then be applied to the further question: how can a senseless war be averted?  

Naturally, this question can scarcely be asked openly. Such being the case, cannot the thinking we have stimulated be made use of? That is, can it be framed so that it leads to action? It can.
 
In order that the oppression of one (the larger) part of the population by another (the smaller) part should continue in such a time as ours, a certain attitude of the population is necessary, and this attitude must pervade all fields. A discovery in the field of zoology, like that of the Englishman Darwin, might suddenly endanger exploitation. And yet, for a time the Church alone was alarmed; the people noticed nothing amiss. The researches of physicists in recent years have led to consequences in the field of logic which might well endanger a number of the dogmas that keep oppression going. Hegel, the philosopher of the Prussian State, who dealt with complex investigations in the field of logic, suggested to Marx and Lenin, the classic exponents of the proletarian revolution, methods of inestimable value.
 
The development of the sciences is interrelated, but uneven, and the State is never able to keep its eye on everything. The advance guard of truth can select battle positions which are relatively unwatched.
 
What counts is that the right sort of thinking be taught, a kind of thinking that investigates the transitory and changeable aspect of all things and processes. Rulers have an intense dislike for significant changes. They would like to see everything remain the same for a thousand years, if possible. They would love it if sun and moon stood still. Then no one would grow hungry any more, no one would want his supper. When the rulers have fired a shot, they do not want the enemy to be able to shoot; theirs must be the last shot. A way of thinking that stresses change is a good way to encourage the oppressed. 
 
Another idea with which the victors can be confronted is that in everything and in every condition, a contradiction appears and grows. Such a view (that of dialectics, of the doctrine that all things flow and change) can be inculcated in realms that for a time escape the notice of the rulers. It can be employed in biology or chemistry, for example. But it can also be indicated by describing the fate of a family, and here too it need not arouse too much attention. The dependence of everything upon many factors which are constantly changing is an idea dangerous to dictators, and this idea can appear in many guises without giving the police anything to put their finger on. A complete description of all the processes and circumstances encountered by a man who opens a tobacco shop can strike a blow against dictatorship. Anyone who reflects upon this will soon see why. Governments which lead the masses into misery must guard against the masses’ thinking about government while they are miserable. Such governments talk a great deal about Fate. It is Fate, not they, which is to blame for all distress. Anyone who investigates the cause of the distress is arrested before he hits on the fact that the government is to blame. But it is possible to offer a general opposition to all this nonsense about Fate; it can be shown that Man’s Fate is made by men.
 
This is another thing that can be done in various ways. For example, one might tell the story of a peasant farm, a farm in Iceland, let us say. The whole village is talking about the curse that hovers over this farm. One peasant woman threw herself down a well; the peasant owner hanged himself. One day a marriage takes place between the peasant’s son and a girl whose dowry is several acres of good land. The curse seems to lift from the farm. The village is divided in its judgment of the cause of this fortunate turn of events. Some ascribe it to the sunny disposition of the peasant’s young son, others to the new fields which the young wife added to the farm, and which have now made it large enough to provide a livelihood.
 
But even in a poem which simply describes a landscape something can be achieved, if the things created by men are incorporated into the landscape. Cunning is necessary to spread the truth. 
 
Summary: 
 
The great truth of our time is that our continent is giving way to barbarism because private ownership of the means of production is being maintained by violence. Merely to recognize this truth is not sufficient, but should it not be recognized, no other truth of importance can be discovered. Of what use is it to write something courageous which shows that the condition into which we are falling is barbarous (which is true) if it is not clear why we are falling into this condition? We must say that torture is used in order to preserve property relations. To be sure, when we say this we lose a great many friends who are against torture only because they think property relations can be upheld without torture, which is untrue. 
 
We must tell the truth about the barbarous conditions in our country in order that the thing should be done which will put an end to them, the thing, namely, which will change property relations. 
 
Furthermore, we must tell this truth to those who suffer most from existing property relations and who have the greatest interest in their being changed the workers and those whom we can induce to be their allies because they too have really no control of the means of production even if they do share in the profits. 
 
And we must proceed cunningly. 
 
All these five difficulties must be overcome at one and the same time, for we cannot discover the truth about barbarous conditions without thinking of those who suffer from them; cannot proceed unless we shake off every trace of cowardice; and when we seek to discern the true state of affairs in regard to those who are ready to use the knowledge we give them, we must also consider the necessity of offering them the truth in such a manner that it will be a weapon in their hands, and at the same time we must do it so cunningly that the enemy will not discover and hinder our offer of the truth. 
 
That is what is required of a writer when he is asked to write the truth.

In Defense of Communism
Poetry for Lenin – By Vladimir Mayakovsky and Bertolt Brecht
worker | January 21, 2017 | 7:23 pm | Bertolt Brecht, V.I. Lenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky | Comments closed

Saturday, January 21, 2017

Poetry for Lenin – By Vladimir Mayakovsky and Bertolt Brecht

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Photo: In Defense of Communism.

On the occasion of the 93rd anniversary of Vladimir I. Lenin’s death, we post three major poems by the giants of literature and poetry Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893-1930) and Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) dedicated to the great Bolshevik revolutionary and architect of the first socialist state in the world.  

 The first one is Vladimir Mayakovsky’s legendary poem “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” published in 1924. 

 The other two are poems by Bertolt Brecht, titled “The Unconquerable Inscription” (1934) and the “Cantata on the Day of Lenin’s Death” (1935). 

VLADIMIR MAYAKOFSKY – “VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN” (1924).

 [Major Abstracts]

 To The Russian Communist Party I dedicate this poem.

 The time has come.
I begin the story of Lenin.
Not because of grief 
is on the wane, but because
the shock of the first moment
has become a clear-cut,
weighted and fathomed pain.

 Time, speed on, spread Lenin’s
slogans in your whirl! 
Not for us to drown in tears,
whatever happens.
There’s no one more alive
than Lenin in the world,
our strength, our wisdom.
surest of our weapons.

 People are boats, although on land.
While life is being roughed
all species of trash from the rocks and sand
stick to the sides of our craft.
But then, having broken through
the storms mad froth,
one sits in the sun for a time
and cleans off the tousled seaweed growth
and oozy jellyfish slime.

 I go to Lenin to clean off mine
to sail on with the revolution.
I fear these eulogies line upon line
like a boy fears falsehood and delusion.
They’ll rig up an aura round any head;
the very idea- I abhor it,
that such a halo poetry-bred
should hide Lenin’s real, huge, human forehead.

 I’m anxious lest rituals, mausoleums and processions,
the honeyed incense of himage and publicity
should obscure Lenin’s essential simplicity.
I shudder as I would for the apple of my eye
lest Lenin be falsified by tinsel beauty.

 Write!- vites my heart, commissioned by
the mandate of duty.

 All Moscow’s frozen through, yet the earth
quakes with emotion.
Frostbite drives its victims to the fires.
Who is he? Where from? Why this commotion?
Why such honours when a single man expires?
Dragging word by word from memory’s coffers
won’t suit either me or you who read.

 Yet what a meagre choice the dictionary offers!
Where to get the very words we need?
We’ve seven days to spend, twelve hours 
for diverse uses.
Life must begin– and end.
Death won’t accept excuses.
But if it’s no more a matter of hours,
if the calendar measure falls short,
“Epoch” is a usual comment of ours,
“Era” or something of the sort.

 We sleep at night, busy around by day,
each grinds his water
in his own pet mortar and so
fritters life away.
But if, single-handred, somebody can
turn the tide to everyone’s profit
we utter something like “Superman”,
“Genius” or “Prophet”.

 We don’t ask much of life,
won’t budge an inch unless required.
To please the wife in is the utmost
to which we aspire.
But if, monolithic in body and soul,
someone unlike us emerges,
we discover a god-like aureole
or appendages equally gorgeous.
Tags and tassels laid out on shelves,
neither silly nor smart– no weightier 
than smoke.

 Go scrape meaning out of such shells–
empty as eggs without wite or yolk.
How, then, apply such yardsticks to Lenin
when anyone could see with his very own eyes:
that “era” cleared doorways without even bending,
wore jackets no bigger than average size.
Should Lenin, too, be hailed by the nation
as “Leader by Divine Designation”?

 Had he been kingly or godly indeed
I’d never spare myself, on protest bent;
I’d  raise a clamour in hall and street
against the crowds, speeches, processions
and laments.
I’d find the words for a thundering condemnation
and while I’d be trampled on, I and my cries,
I’d bomb the Kremlin with demands for resignation,
hurling blasphemy into the skies.
But calm by the coffin Dzerzhinsky appears.

 Today he could easily dismiss the guard.
In millins of eyes shines nothing but tears,
not running down cheeks, but frozen hard.
Your divinity’s decease won’t rouse a mote of feeting.
No! Today real pain chills every heart.
We ‘re burying the earthliest of beings that ever came
to play an earthly part.
Earthly, yes; but not the earth-bound kind
who’ll never peer beyons the precincts of their sty.
He took in all the planet at a time,
saw things out of reach for the common eye.
Though like you and I in every detail,
his forehead rose a taller, steeper tower;
the thoiught-dug wrinkles round the eyes went deeper,
the lips looked firmer, more ironical than ours.

 Not the satrap’s firmness that’ ll grind us,
tightening the reins, beneath a triumph-chariot’s wheel.
With friends he’d be the very soul of kindness,
with enemies as hard as any steel.
He, too, had illnesses and weaknesses to fight
and hobbies just the same as we have, reader.
For me it’s billiards, say, to whet the sight;
for him it’s chess- more useful for a leader.
And turning face about from chess to living foes,
yesterday’s dumb pawns he led to a war of classes
until a human, working-class dictatorship arose
to checkmate Capital and crush its prison-castle.

 We and he had the same ideals to cherish.
Then why is it, no kin of his, I’d welcome death,
crazy with delight would gladly  perish
so that he might draw a single breath?
And not I alone. 
Who says I’m better than the rest?
Not a single soul of us, I reckon, in all the mines 
and mills from East to West would hesitate 
to do t he same as the slightest beckon.
Instinctively, I shrink from tram-rails to quiet corners,
giddy as a drunk who sees the lees.
Who would mind my puny death among these mourners
lamenting the enormousness of his decease?

 With banners and without, they come, as if all Russia
had again turned nomad for a while.
The House of Unions trembles with their motion.
What can be the reason? Wherefore? Why?
Snow-tears from the flags’ red eyelids run.
The telegraph’s gone hoarse with humming mournful rumours.
Who is he? Where from? What has he done, this man,
the most humane of all us humans?

 *

 Ulyanov’s short life is well known to men in every
country among every race.
But the longer biography of Comrade Lenin
has still to be written, rewritten and retraced.
Far, far back, two hundred years or so, 
the earthliest beginnings of Lenin go.
Hear those brazen, peremptory tones with their
century-piercing motif?
It’s the grandfather of Bromley’s and Goujon’s,
the first steam locomotive.
Capital, His Majesty, uncrowned, as yet unknown
declares the gentry’s power overthrown.

 The city pillaged, plundered, pumped gold into 
the bellies of banks, while at the workbenches lean and
humped, the working class closed ranks.
And already threatened, rearing smokestacks to the sky,
“Pave your way with us to fortunes, grip us tighter!
But remember: he is coming, he is night, 
the Man, the Champion, the Avenger, the Fighter!”

 And already smoke and clouds get mixed together
as when mutineers turn orderly detachments into crowds,
until the tokens of a storm begin to gather–
the sky brews trouble– ugly smoke blacks out the clouds.
Mid beggars a mountain of good arises.
The manager, bald beast, flips his abacus, blurts out “crisis!”
and pins up a list: “DISMISSED…”
Fly-blown pastries in dustbins found graves, grain– in granaries
with mildew cloyed, while past the windows of Yeliseyev’s,
belly caved in, shuffled the unemployed.
And the call came rumbling from shack and slum, covering
the whimper of kiddies: “Come, protector! Redressor, come!
And we’ll go to battle or wherever you bid us!”

 […]

 Grandsons will ask, “What does Capitalism mean?”
just as kiddies today, “What’s a Gendarme, Dad?”
So here’s capitalism as then he was seen, portrayed for
grandsons full-size in my pad.
Capitalism in his early years wasn’t so bad– 
a business-like fellow.
Worked like blazes– none of those fears that his snowy cravat
would soil and turn yellow.
Feudal tights felt too tight for the youngster; forged on no worse
than we do these days; raised revolutions and with gusto
joined his voice in the Marseillaise.

 [….]

 Capital’s days were eroded and gnarled by time outblazing
searchlight arcs, till time give birth to a man named Karl–
Lenin’s elder brother Marx. 
Marx! His portrait’s gray-framed sternness grips one.
But what a gulf between impressions and his life!
What we see immured in marble or in gypsum seems a cold
old man long since past care and strife.
But when the workers took– uncertain yet in earnest–
the first short steps along their revolutionary path, 
into what a giant, blazing furnace Marx fanned up his mind
and heart!
As if he’d drudged whole shifts in every factory himself
and, callousing his hands, each tool and job had handled,
Marx caught the pilferers of surplus value with their pelf,
red-handed.

 Where others quailed, eyes dripped too low in awe to peer up
even as high as a profiteer’s umbilicus, Marx undertook to lead
the proletariat into class war to slay the golden calf, by then a bull,
immense and bellicose.
Into the bay of communism, still fogged with blinding mystery,
we thought the waves of chance alone could bring us from our hell.
Marx disclosed the deepest laws of history, put the proletariat at the helm.

 […]

 We’re no longer timid as newly-born lambkins; the workers’ wrath
condenses into clouds, slashed by the lighting of Lenin’s pamphlets,
his leaflets showering on surging crowds.
The class drank its fill of Lenin’s light and, enlightened, broke from
the gloom of millennia.
And in turn, imbibing the masses’ might, together with the class
grew Lenin.
And gradually, enriched by the fertile communion, they bring young
Vladimir’s pledge to realisation, no longer each on his own, but a Union
of Fighters for Working Class Emancipation.

 Leninism spreads ever wider and deeper.
Lenin’s disciples work miracle after miracle, the underground’s grit
traced in blood-drops seeping through the dust and slush of the 
endless Vladimirka.

 Today we spin the old globe our way. 
Yet even when debating in Kremlin armchairs there’s few
won’t suddenly recall a day filled with the groans of chain-gang marchers.
Remember the none-too-distant past: beyond the eye-hole,
trams, droshkies, cars… 
Who of you, let me ask, didn’t bite and tear at prison-bars?
We could smash out our brains on the walls weighing on us:
All they did was mop up and strew sand.
“It wasn’t long but honest,
Your service to your hand….”
In which of his exiles did Lenin get fond of the mournful power
of that song”

 *

 The peasant– was urged– would blaze his own tracks and set up
socialism without hitch or wrangle. 
But no– Russia too goes bristling with stacks;
black beards of smoke round her cities tangle.
There’s go god to bake us pies in the skies.
The proletariat must head the peasant masses.
Over capital’s corpse Russia’s highroad lies, with Lenin to lead
the toiling classes.
They’d promise heaps, worldly liberals and S.R.s,
themselves not loath to saddle worker’s backs.
Lenin made short work of their yarns, left them bare as babies
in the blaze of facts.
He soon disposed of their empty prattle full of “liberty”,
“fraternity” and suchlike words.

 Arming with Marxism, mustering for battle, rose the only
Bolshevik Party in the world. 
Now, touring the States in a de luxe coupe, or footing it through
Russia– wherever you be they meet you, the letters R.C.P.
with their bracketed neighbour.

 Today it’s red Mars astronomers are hunting, telescopes
scanning the sky from a high tower.
Yet that modest letter on paper or bunting shines to the world
ten times redder and brighter.

 *

Words– even the finest– turn into littler, 
wearing threadbare with use and barter.
Today I want to infuse new glitter into the most glorious
of words: PARTY.
Individual– what can he mean in life?

 Over the world-wide forest of factory stacks
like a giant banner the huge Red Square,
millions of hands welded into its staff,
soars with a mightly sweep into the air.

 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.


 BERTOLT BRECHT – “THE UNCONQUERABLE INSCRIPTION” (1934).

 During the war
In a cell of the Italian prison in San Carlo
Full of imprisoned soldiers, drunks and thieves
A socialist soldier, with an indelible pencil, scratched on the wall:
Long live Lenin!
High above, in the semi-dark cell, hardly visible, but
Written in large letters.
As the warders saw it, they sent for a painter with a bucket of lime.
And with a long stemmed brush he whitewashed the threatening inscription.
Since, however, with his lime, he painted over the letters only
Stood above in the cell, now in chalk:
Long live Lenin!
Next another painter daubed over the whole stretch with a broad brush
So that for hours it disappeared, but towards morning
As the lime dried, the inscription underneath was again conspicuous:
Long live Lenin!
Then dispatched the warder a bricklayer with a chisel against the inscription
And he scratched out letter by letter, one hour long
And as he was done, now colourless, but up above in the wall
But deeply carved, stood the unconquerable inscription:
Long live Lenin!
Now, said the soldier, get rid of the wall!

BERTOLT BRECHT – “CANTATA ON THE DAY OF LENIN’S DEATH” (1935).

1.
The day Lenin passed away
A soldier of the death watch, so runs the story, told his comrades: I did not want to
Believe it. I went inside, and
Shouted in his ear: Ilyich
The exploiters are on their way! He did not move. Now
I knew that he has expired.
 
2.
When a good man wants to leave
How can you hold him back?
Tell him why he is needed.
That holds him.
 
3.
What could hold Lenin back ?
 
4.
The soldier thought
When he hears, the exploiters are coming
He may be ever so ill, he will still get up
Perhaps he will come on crutches
Perhaps he will let himself be carried, but
He will get up and come
In order to confront the exploiters.
 
5.
The soldier knew, that is to say, that Lenin
Throughout his life, had carried on a struggle
Against the exploiters.
 
6.
And the soldier who had taken part
In the storming of the Winter Palace wanted to return home, because there
The landed estates were being distributed
Then Lenin had told him: stay on!
The exploiters are there still.
And so long there is exploitation
One must struggle against it.
So long as you exist
You must struggle against it.
 
7.
The weak do not fight. The stronger
Fight on perhaps for an hour.
Those who are stronger still fight for many years
The strongest fight on all their life.
These are indispensable.
 
8.
In Praise of the Revolutionary
 
When exploitation is on the rise
Many get discouraged
But his courage grows.
He organises his struggle
For wage-pennies, for tea-water
And for taking over power.
He asks property:
What is your origin ?
He asks the viewpoints:
Whom do you serve ?
Wherever there is a hush
He will speak out
Wherever there is oppression, and the talk is of fate
He will call things by their right names.
Where he sits down on the table
There sits also dissatisfaction
The food is perceived to be awful
And the room too narrow.
Wherever they chase him away
Turmoil follows, and at the hunting place
Unrest remains.
 
9.
When Lenin passed away and was missed
The victory had been won, but the land lay waste
The masses had set out, but
The way was dark
As Lenin passed away
Soldiers, sitting on the footpaths, wept
And the workers went away from their machines
And clenched their fists.
 
10.
As Lenin went, it was
As if the tree said to its leaves
I am off.
 
11.
Since then fifteen years have passed away
One sixth of the globe
Is freed from exploitation.
At the call: the exploiters are coming!
The masses, as ever, stand up anew.
Ready for the struggle.
 
12.
Lenin is enshrined
In the large heart of the working-class,
He was our teacher.
He carried on the struggle along with us.
He is enshrined
In the large heart of the working class.

 IN DEFENSE OF COMMUNISM©.